SECTION-A Essay Questions. 8Marks.
External&Reproductive Morphology:
1. Describe various types of Root modifications.
2. Describe any six stem modifications,helping in vegetative propagation.
3. What is Multipurpose stem modification ? Describe them with suitable examples.
4. Describe different types of aerial stem modifications.
5. Write about various types of sub-aerial stem modifications.
6. Describe various types of leaf modifications with examples.
7. Describe various types of Racemose inflorescence having pedicellate flowers.
8. Describe various types of Racemose inflorescence with sessile flowers.
9. With a neat labeled diagram ,describe embryo sac in angiosperms.
10. Briefly describe Fertilization processin angiosperms.
PLANT TAXONOMY:
1. Briefly describe Bentham & Hooker classification.
2. Describe the family:Malvaceae and its economic importance.
3. Describe vegetative and floral characters of Fabaceae .Give four examples with their economic importance.
4. Describe the floral characters and advanced features of of Asteraceae.
5. Write about the family Solanaceaeaned its economic importance.
6. Write the family features of Liliaceae with important plants and their economic importance.
INTERNAL MORPHOLOGY:
1. Describe the structure ,function of various types of meristems.
2. Describe the internal structure of Dicot root.
3. Describe the internal structure of Monocot root.
4. Describe the internal structure of Dicot stem.
5. Write the internal structure of Monocot stem.
6. Write the internal structure of Dorsiventral leaf.
7. Describe the internal structure of isobilateral leaf.
SECTION-B. Short Questions.4 marks.
1.Explain the organization and functions of B.S.I.
2. Enumerate the activities of research institute which conducts research on forests.
3. Name the international institute established to achieve food grain production.What are its functions.
4. Explain the activity and organization of the institute which is concerned with pharmacognostic studies.
5. What kind of efforts were carried out aiIARI to achieve agricultural development in India.
6. Enumerate the functions and achievements of NBRI.
7. Explain the contributions made by Prof.P.Maheswari.
8.What are the contributions of Dr.M.S.Swaminathan for achieving Green
revolution in India.
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9. Name the scientist who got international fame in research on Rust
diseases.Give a brief account of his researches.
10.In which field of research is Prof.MOP Iyengar famous?Give an account of his
work.
11. Explain the contributions made by Prof.Birbal Sahni.
12.Define Phylloclade?Describe it.
13. Differenciate rhizome and corm.
14. Compare Phyllode and Phylloclade.
15.What is Heterophylly?Describe various types in it.
16. What is Venation ?explain various types in it.
17. Write short notes on single flower like special inflorescence.
18. Write short notes on a single fruit like inflorescence.
19. Describe the types of flowers classified on the basis of position of
gynoecium.
20. What is Heterostyly?How does it help in cross pollination.
21. Explain Dichogamy.
22. Write short note on Cleistogamy.
23. What are the three types of entry of pollen tube into the ovule.Give
examples.
24.Differenciate between true and false fruits.with examples.
25. Write short notes on aggregate fruits.
26. Write short notes on multiple fruits.
27. Write about the dry fruits which are single seeded.
28. Write short notes on capsules.
29. Write about the types of classification of flowering plants.
30. Explain binomial nomenclature.
31. Briefly describe the various Taxonomic units.
32. Explain the three aspects of Taxonomy.
33. write short notes on ICBN.
34. Differenciate between Ray and Disc florets.
35. Mention the advanced features of Asteraceae.
36. Write about the structure chemical nature and functions of cellwall.
37. Give an account of the cell organelle refered as Cell brain.
38. Give an account of the structure and function of the part of the cell refered as “physical basis of heredity.”.
39. Write the differences between DNA and RNA.
40. Give an accoumt of the organelle that causes autolysis of cell.
41. Write about the events of Pachytene and its significance.
42. Bring out the differences between Mitosis and Meiosis.
43. Which tissue secretes water? Describe its structure and mention two examplesof plants in which it is found.
44. Describe structure and function of cork tissue.
45. Describe the structure and function of lenticel
.
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46. What are Hydrophytes?Briefly discuss different types of Hydrophytes with examples.
47. Enumarate morphological adaptations oh Hydrophytes.
48. List out the anatomical adaptations of Hydrophytes.
49. Write on classification of Xerophytes.
50. Write morphological adaptations of Xerophytes.
51. Describe anatomical adaptations of Xerophytes.
52. Compare Hydrophytes and Xerophytes.
SECTION- C. Very Short Answer Questions. 2 marks.
1. What is the name of the institute that studies the floristic distribution of our country ? Who was its founder.
Botanical Survey of India, Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker,
2. State why ICRISAT was established at Patanchervu near Hyderabad,.
Semi arid climatic conditions,black cotton and red cotton soils.
3. What is the most important finding of K.C.Mehta’s research.
Annual occurrence of rust in wheat and barleyis mainly due to the
Wind from hills that carry the infection to the plains.
4. Who discovered the technique of fertilization in a test tube.What
advantages did it have?
Prof.P.Maheswari.Explained the role of embryology in taxonomy.
5. What is the finding that brought international reputation to Prof.Birbal
Sahni.
Reconstruction of fossil gymnosperm group Pentoxylae.
6. What is meant by “Green Revolution”.Who achieved it in India.
Achieving self sufficiency in food production .M.S.Swaminathan.
7. Who is the Father of Green Revolution in India.How did he achieve it in India.
M.S.Swaminathan.Developing high yielding varieties in wheat
By using Mexican varieties.Introduced several varieties of Rice .
8. Who is the Father of Indian Palaeobotany.Name the place where the
institute of Palaeobotany was established.
Prof.Birbal Sahni.Lucknow.
9. How is M.S.Swaminathan responsible for achieving the economical
progress of our country.
By developing new varieties in commercial crops potato,jute
10. Define Root crops.What would happen if the root crops are harvested at
the end of second year.
As the roots store nutritive material ,they are called “root crops”.
They store food in roots in first year.Food is used up in the production
Of flowers,fruits and seeds in second year.They are not tuberous
With food,when harvested at the end of second year.
11. Where from the Bulbils arise in Dioscorea and Agave
In Dioscorea from axils of leaves,in Agave from axils of bracts
On the inflorescence
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12.Name the special inflorescence which has a single female flower and many male
flowers.What are its cymose characters
Cyathium.Male flowers are arranged in Scorpiod cyme.in centrifugal manner.
13.What are the three types of styles?Give examples
Terminal-Ex.Hibiscus.Lateral-ex:Mangifera:Gynobasic-ex:Ocimum.
14. What are the two types of stamens classified depending on their length
Didynamous:Out of 4,two are long and two are short.Ex:Ocimum.
Tetradynamous:Out of 6 in two whorls,two in outer whorl are shorter
And 4 in inner whorl are longer.ex:Brassica.
15. What are the cells found in the egg apparatusof a mature embryo sac
The middle bigger egg cell,surrounded by two synergids one on either side with finger like projections filiform apparatus helping in absorption and conduction of food.
16..Define di and tri heterostyly with examples
Diheterostyly:arrangement of styles in two different heights in dimorphic
Flowers of the same species.Ex
rimula.
Triheterostyly:arrangement of styles and stamens in three different lengths
(short,medium and long).ex:Oxalis.
17. Define protandry and protogyny.
Protandry:Maturation of antheridium earlier than gynoecium,in bisexual flower.ex:Helianthus.
Protogyny:Maturation of gynoecium earlier than androecium in bisexual flower.ex:Solanum.
18. What is the main difference between cleistogamy and chasmogamy.
Cleistogamy
ollination occurring in unopened flowers.ex:Commelina.
Chasmogamyollination occurring in opened flowers.
19. What is syngamy?Who first discovered it.
Fusion of sperm nucleus with the egg cell forming a diploid zygote
Is called syngamy.Strasburger discovered syngamy.
20.What is triple fusion?Who first described the process of triple fusion.
Fusion of haploid sperm nucleus with diploid secondary nucleus forming
Triploid primary endosperm nucleus.(PEN).Nawaschin discovered it.
21.If there are 16 chromosomes in the cell of an angiospermic plant,how many
chromosomes are there in the perisperm and endosperm cell?Explain
Perisperm-haploid-8:endosperm-triploid-24.
22.Why are apple and cashewnut called false fruits.
In apple thalamus,in cashewnut pedicel form edible with food stored.
23.What are the single seeded dry fruits you have studied.
Dry indehiscent-achene,caryopsis,cypsela,nut and samara.
24.What is Tautonomy.Give an example.
Generic name and species name are exactly same.ex:Malus malus.
25.What is Binomial nomenclature.Who introduced this system.
A plant having generic name followed by species name in Latin.
Gaspard Bauhin.
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26.What is ICBN? What is its role in Taxonomy.
International Code of Botanical Nomenclature.In accordance with its
Principles naming of plants should be done.
27.What is the difference between Alpha taxonomy and Omega taxonomy
Alpha taxonomy:taxonomy purely based on the description of
Morphological characters.
Omega Taxonomy: apart from morphology,importance is given to
phylogeny also.
28. What is sexual system of classification?Who introduced this.
Classification in which floral characters are given importance.Linnaeus.
29. Who was the author of Genera Plantarum?Why is the classification given
in this called a natural system.
Bentham and Hooker.considering all possible morphological characters
Plants are grouped on their natural relationships.
30.Who was the author of “Flora of British India”.What is the use of these
books.
J.D.Hooker.Helps in identifying the flora in British India.
31. What is the basic unit of classification?Define it.
Species.Plants identical in all respects are regarded as one species.
32. What is epicalyx?Give the Scientific name of one plant in which it is present.
Whorl of bracteoles outside the calyx. Hibiscus rosa-sinensis.
33. To which family do pulses belong?Give two examples with scientific names.
Fabaceae.Dolichs lab lab:Cajanus cajan.
34.Name the pigment present in root nodules of Fabaceae.
Leg-haemoglobin.
35. From which plant chicory is obtained and to which family does it belong.
Cichorium intybus. Asteraceae.
36. How pollination will occur in Helianthus when it is grown in an insect free
environment.
Safety mechanism:stigmas bend back and get self pollinated
37. From which plant is Colchicine obtained.and what is its use.
Colchicum autumnale.chemical mutagen “colchicine”
38. To which family does Yucca belong.Name the moth that is associated with
the pollination in Yucca.
Liliaceae.Pronuba yuccasella.
39. What is the botanical name of Great Millet?To which family does it belong.
Sorghum vulgare. Poaceae.
40. How is Gun cotton prepared.What is its use.
By treating celluslose cotton with conc.Nitric acid.Gun cotton is used in
Making gun powder and explosives.
41. What is the botanical name of “The Pride Fruit of India”.What is the nature
of fruit.
Mangifera indica. Drupe with juicy edible mesocarp.
42. Give the botanical name,family and useful part of mango
Mangifera indica. Anacardiaceae.rpicarp and jucicy edible mesocarp.
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43. What is the botanical name of “Herbal Indian Doctor.”To which family
does it belong.
Azadirachta indica. Meliaceae.
44. Neem is regarded as “Herbal Indian Doctor”.Elaborate.
Everypart of the plant is useful.
45. Differentiate between purine and pyrimidine.
Purine:heterocyclic compounds having two C-N rings.
Pyrimidine: homocyclic compounds having one C-N ring.
46. Differentiate between nucleoside and nucleotide,
Nucleoside:the association of sugarmolecule and a base.
Nucleotide:Association of phosphate group,sugar and a base.
47. How do you identify heterochromatin and euchromatin.
Heterochromatin:genetically inactive dark stained region of chromosome.
Euchromatin:lightly stained,genetically active region of chromosome.
48. Why mitochondria are called “power houses of cell”.
Energy is stored as ATP in matrix.
49. Why chloroplasts and mitochondria are called semi autonomous cell
organelles.
Self duplicating with own genetic material.
50. Who proposed cell theory?What are its main contents.
Schwann.Cell is structural and functional unit of an organism.
51. Mention three types of leucoplasts and the kind of food material
stored in them
amyloplasts store starch;aleuroplasts store proteins;elaioplasts store
fats and oils.
52. Differentiate between B-DNA and Z-DNA.
B-DNA=more common,clockwise helix structure.with hereditary stability
Z-DNA=uncommon,alternate,zigzag,helix,with no hereditary stability.
53. In a cell haploid chromosome number is 15.What number is found
in pollen grain,zygote,primary endospermnucleus,and colchcine treated zygote.
Pollen grain:15;zygote:30;PEN;45;colchicine treated zygote:60.
54. “Genetic recombinations occur only in meiosis but not in mitosis”why.
Chiasmata leads to exchange of genetic material resulting in
Recombination of genetic characters.
55. . What is the most suitable stage for observing chromosomes in a microscope.?why.
Metaphase.Chromosomes are oriented in systematic manner in equator.
56. If crossing over fails to occur ,what change is observed in the daughter cells.
Daughter cells will have the same homologous chromosomes.
57. What is guttation.
Exudation of water in the form of droplets through Hydathodes,from leaf margins,apices.
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58. What are bulliform cells?What is their role.
Enlarged specialized cells in upper epidermis of monocot leaf.
They help in rolling and unrolling of leaf.
59.Define population and community.
Population:Group of similar individuals of the same species in an area.
Community:assemblage of all populations of different species in an area.
60. Name two amphibious plants?
Limnophila,Cyperus,Typha,Ranunculus.
61.What are hydrophytes.Which type of tissue is responsible for bouyancy
in hydrophytes.
Plants growing in water and in very wet places.aerenchyma.
62. Which aerial stem modification is concerned with vegetative propagation?
Explain.
Offsets in Pistia,Eichhornia,fragmentation in Hydrilla.
63. Name the sub aerial stem modification found in free floating aquatic
plants.How does it help in vegetative propagation.
Offset.Reduced internodes elongate producing daughter plants.
64. What are the tendrillar structuresfound in Smilax,Pisum,Clematis
and Gloriosa.
Stipules in Smilax,terminal leaf-lets in Pisum,petiole in Clematis,
Leaf tip in Gloriosa.
65. Define leaf-mosaic type of phyllotaxy.Give an example.
Special type of alternate phyllotaxy.lower older leaves have longer petioles
And upper younger leaves have shorter petioles.upper younger leaves lie
In the spaces present in between the older leaves. Ex:Acalypha indica.
66.Compare homogamous head and heterogamous head inflorescence.
Homogamous head:head with one kind florets
Ex: Vernonia(disc),Tagetus(ray)
Heterogamous head:with ray florets at periphery and discflorets at center
Ex:Tridax,Helianthus.
67.Define monoecious and dioecious condition.
Monoecious:male and female flowers on the same plant.ex:Cocos nucifera.
Dioecious:male and female flowers are on separate plants.ex:Borassus,
68. What is the difference between adelphous and syngenesious condition
adelphous:filaments united,anthers free.
Syngenesious:filaments free,anthers united.ex
isc floret of Tridax..
69. What is cleistogamy?What is its advantage.
Pollination in unopened flowers.It favours self pollination.
70. Compare the endosperm of angiosperms with that of gymnosperms.
Triploid,post fertilized in angiosperms,haploid,prefertilized in
Gymnosperms.
71. What is endosperm?What is its use.
Nutritive tissue formed from primary endosperm nucleus after
Fertilization.It nourishes the developing embryo.
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72. Write a brief note on perisperm.
The left out nucellus in the seed .exiper nigrum.
73. Name two types of special appendages developed outside the seed.
Give examples.
Aril:integument like out growth developed from funicle of a fertilized
Ovule.exithecalobium dulce.
Caruncle:sponge like outgrowtharising from the integumentary cells at
Mycropylar region.ex:Ricinus communis.
74. What is ICBN ? What is its role in Taxonomy
International Code of Botanical Nomenclature.According to its principles
Plants are classified..
75. What do we call all those done after the announcement of Darwin’s
theory and what is their principle character.
Post-Darwinian classifications.evolutionary and phylogenetic relations
Among plants.
76. What is geocarpy?Give an example where geocarpy is seen.
Development of fruit inside the soil.ex:Arachis hypogea.
77. What is the nature of calyx in Asteraceae and what is its use
persistent and pappus.Help in fruit dispersal. .
78. Name the insecticide obtained from Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium
From which part of the plant it is obtained.
Pyrethrum.From flowers.
79. Name the alkaloid obtained from Atropa belladonna.What is its use
atropine.useful in making plasters..
80. Write the characters of gynoecium in Solanaceae
Bicarpellary syncarpous,obliquely zygomorphic due to rotated.
Anterior Carpel at 45 degrees angle to the left.
81. What is the scientific name of the monocot plant with reticulate
venation. Which family does it belong.
Smilax.Liliaceae.
82. To which family do pulses belong. Give two examples with scientific
names.
Fabaceae. Dolichos lab lab,Cajanus cajan.
83. What is the botanical name of cotton.Which acid is used along with
cotton to make explosives.
Gossypium herbaceum. Conc.Nitric acid.
84. What are lint and fuzz.
Lint:long epidermal hairs of cotton seeds.
Fuzz:short epidermal hairs of cotton seeds.
85. Which plant produces oil having insecticidal property and useful to control
skin diseases.Give its botanical name.
Neem. Azadirachta indica.
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86. Differentiate between autosomes and allosomes.
Autosomes:somatic,vegetative chromosomes more in number.
Allosomes:sex chromosomes in germ cells. X,Y,in human beings.
87. Differentiate between prokaryotic cell and eukaryotic cell.
Prokaryotic cell:cell with illdefined nucleus.called nucleid.
Eukaryotic cell:cell with well defined nucleus.
88. Who wrote the book Micrographia.What does this book explain about
Robert Hooke..cells as compartment like hollow spaces.
89. Differentiate between autocatalysis and heterocatalysis functions of DNA
Autocatalysis:duplication of single DNAmolecule into two daughter
molecules.
Heterocatalysis:transcription of DNA into mRNA .
90. The sequence of nitrogen bases in one strand of DNA is GCT,ATG,CCA,
TGC.What is the sequence present on the opposite strand .What is the
Relationship known as.
CGA,TAC,GGT,ACG.complimentarity.
91. What difference can be observed in the metaphases of meiosis I and
meiosis II
MeiosisI:centromeres towards poles,arms towards equator.
MeiosisII:centromere at equator,arms towards poles.
92. What is crossing over .What is its significance.
The process of exchange of genetic material between the non sister
Chromatids resulting in recombination.It results to origin of new
Species and evolution.
93. Differentiate between angular collenchyma and lamellar collenchyma.
Angular collenchyma:cells are not arranged in regular rows.The
Cell wall deposition is in the cell corners.Intercelular spaces are absent
Lamellar collenchyma:cells are irregularly arranged with small
intercellular spaces.cell walls are thickened around the intercellular
spaces.
94. Differentiate between libriform fibres and fibre-tracheids.
Libriform fibre:True xylem fibres with simple pits in the walls.
Fibre tracheid:nonfunctional tracheids with bordered pits in the walls.
95. What are Tyloses?What is their importance.
Balloon like structures from xylem parenchyma developing into
Adjacent vessels.They check the spread of the pathogen.
96. What are casparian thickenings.
Lignin and suberin depositions on the radial and transverse walls
Of endodermal cells.
97. State why annual rings are not formed in the trees of tropical zones.
Seasonal variations are not sharp in tropical zones.
98. What are pseudo-annual rings?Why are they formed.
Annual rings formed due to hormonal changes or heavy leaf fall or due to
Disease.
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99. Heart wood is considered more durable than sap wood. Why
Heart wood is hard and more durable due to the storage of
oils,gums,resins,tannins etc..
100. Name two freefloating hydrophytes having balancing roots
Pistia,Eichhornia..